The etiology of perineural sacral cysts (Tarlov's cysts) is not well-understood. The best description is that they are a dilatation of arachnoid and dura of spinal posterior nerve-root sheath, containing nerve fibers. They are most commonly diagnosed on MRI. These lesions have been estimated to affect 4.6 percent to 9 percent of the adult population1 and are generally reported as incidental findings on CT or MR studies. It was originally thought that all Tarlov cysts were asymptomatic, but a small percentage can cause progressive painful radiculopathy. The statistical data are very inconsistent; I have seen reports of as high as one-fifth of Tarlov's cysts causing some symptoms.2
These cysts can occur anywhere in the spine, but the most common areas affected are the S-2 and S-3 nerve roots. Sacral cysts have been reported to cause sacral radiculopathy, hip, leg or foot pain, perineal pain, paresthesias, and bowel or bladder dysfunction. Symptoms can mimic a disc herniation.
There are many variations of Tarlov cysts. Some can become quite large - up to 6 cm. They can be multiple. As you might suspect, there is some confusion over the precise definition of Tarlov cysts and how they are different from other spinal cysts. The distinctive feature of the Tarlov perineurial cyst is the presence of spinal nerve root fibers within the cyst wall or cyst cavity itself.
The nomenclature becomes daunting because the etiology of this lesion is still not agreed upon and unfortunately, there is no consensus on the optimal management of symptomatic Tarlov cysts. The good news is that most remain asymptomatic.
Treatment recommendations for symptomatic Tarlov cysts vary widely depending on the symptoms. They can be drained of CSF; in fact, draining the CSF also can be a useful diagnostic tool to determine if symptoms are indeed due to the Tarlov cyst. There are two ways of draining these cysts: one is via a lumboperitoneal shunt; the other is percutaneous drainage. Unfortunately, the cysts re-form over time with percutaneous aspiration.
Surgical treatment involves complete cyst removal and excision of the affected posterior root and ganglion. As you can imagine, there are several ways of doing this complete excision, which I will not describe here.
When I chose this topic to report upon, I didn't realize that there is an evolving specialty for treating these cysts. The classification and treatment procedures are evolving; therefore, I refer you to www.tarlovcyst.net for updated information.3
Unfortunately, there is no consensus yet as to the best way to manage these lesions. With improved imaging, these cystic lesions are becoming more apparent and most of the time they are considered incidental findings; the problem occurs when differentiating these cysts from other causes for the patient's symptoms, such as degenerative disc and joint disease.
It is interesting to note that even though the Tarlov cyst was described more than 60 years ago, we still have no agreement on the origin. They may be caused by inflammation, trauma or congenital weakness of the dura mater, combined with elevated CSF hydrostatic pressure. Regardless of the origin of the Tarlov cyst, treatment procedures are improving and most cases fortunately do not require any intervention.
References
Many relevant diagnostic signs are not performed deliberately by the examiner or by the patient at the examiner’s direction. They are observed as the patient reacts to their condition. Fortin’s finger sign, Minor’s sign, and Vanzetti’s sign are three examples of this principle.
Spearheaded by burgeoning scientific and clinical research literature, psychedelics have reached a level of media coverage and popular interest that has not been seen for over half a century. By “psychedelics,” we are referring to the unique class of substances that includes psilocybin (the active compound found in so-called “magic mushrooms”), LSD, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), ayahuasca, 5-MeO-DMT, and mescaline – each of which occurs in the natural world (except for LSD, which is a semi-synthetic compound).
While working at the Lovelace Medical Center in Albuquerque, N.M., one of the primary care physicians stated that imaging every patient prior to receiving chiropractic was not medically necessary. It was at that point I reconsidered the need for the imaging of every patient to avoid malpractice.
