In the past few columns, I've written about the negative effects of prolonged sitting at work. I've attempted to make the point that prolonged sitting (or prolonged standing) takes a toll on workers. Now let's discuss a related issue: the concept of "inclusive design."
As you might imagine given this introduction, inclusive design is the concept that things (e.g., tools, work spaces, offices) should be designed so they are easy to use by as many people as possible. Given the fact that many of our patients are elderly, in poor health and have difficulty with simple tasks (e.g., opening doors, walking) the chiropractic profession should take whatever steps are necessary to make our clinics easier to use.
In any discussion of ergonomics, it is worth noting that the human frame appears to be getting bigger. This places a strain on the principles of inclusive design. In taking this into consideration, it is worth thinking about our patients when doing everyday business tasks such as purchasing chairs for the reception room. For example, instead of chairs with arms that limit access to larger individuals, perhaps chairs with no arms, or wider seats, might be more useful.
In an attempt to adapt to the times, the American Medical Association recently decided that "obesity" is a disease. For some individuals, obesity is truly a disease and out of their control. For others, obesity is more of a lifestyle choice. Whatever the cause, consider the impact this will likely have on the health care system.
For example, when an obese worker develops a problem because their chair is too small, their desk is too high or they don't have enough leg room, it can reasonably be argued that ergonomists are to blame. In a similar manner, the doctor is individually culpable if a patient is injured in their clinic.
The Benefits of Inclusive Design
Back to the concept of inclusive design. The British Standards Institute defines inclusive design as "the design of mainstream products and/or services that are accessible to and usable by as many people as reasonably possible without the need for special adaptation or specialized design." The goal is to make things available to 95 percent of the population. In fact, the 95th percentile is a target number. In other words, the goal is to optimize the fit for the majority of people. A good fit has the following benefits:
The Anthropometric Factor
Many of the components of inclusive design are built around the study of anthropometrics. That's sort of a $10 word for body size. It's one of the principal elements in the science of ergonomics. After all, it's difficult to design things to fit the average person if you don't know what size their body parts are.
Anthropometry is the science of measuring body parts. It plays an important role in industrial design, clothing design, ergonomics and architecture. It would behoove chiropractors to look at the size of their patients when designing and/or upgrading their clinics, particularly these days with obesity a growing issue.
For the most part, ergonomists rely on data compiled by Dr. Stephen Pheasant in his book Body Space: Anthropometry, Ergonomics and the Design of Work. The book is a bit of a classic in ergonomic circles and was recently updated by Dr. Pheasant (now deceased) and Christine Haslegrave. It is now in its third edition.
Much of the data comes from relatively normal-sized individuals. In fact, many of the dimensions are taken from British male adults ages 19-65. However, as mentioned earlier, the world is changing, particularly the Western part of the world. While there may be numerous reasons for this (part is due to our changing diet and part to a more sedentary lifestyle), the bottom line is the human frame is getting bigger. This is likely to have a tremendous impact on the design process.
Obviously it isn't possible to design something to fit every person. Former NBA player Shaquille O'Neal comes in at 7 feet, 1 inch tall and more than 300 pounds. That's a fair amount bigger than the average person. Contrast this to Vern Troyer, better known as "Mini Me" in the "Austin Powers" movies. He's only 2 feet, 8 inches tall.
Things that fit O'Neal are unlikely to fit Troyer and vice-versa. Once again, the goal of inclusive design is to make things available to 95 percent of the population. Neither O'Neal nor Troyer would be included in this 95 percent.
Guiding Principles
The principles of inclusive design developed at North Carolina State University include the following:
Inclusive Design in Action
Bringing It Home: Your Practice
What relevance does all this have to the chiropractor in private practice? Actually, a lot. If we consider some of the items in the examples above, our clinics could be accessible to a wider range of people (patients):
Improving accessibility and/or the clinic experience can only assist the chiropractic practice. In order to keep up and provide modern clinics for our patients, the chiropractic profession will gain whenever we make them more "user-friendly." Although many of the principles of inclusive design are not mandatory in older construction, the forward-thinking practitioner will benefit from making as many of these changes as possible.
As the world and the population changes, the challenges for ergonomists and the principles of inclusive design grow. After all, 95 percent isn't what it used to be.
Many relevant diagnostic signs are not performed deliberately by the examiner or by the patient at the examiner’s direction. They are observed as the patient reacts to their condition. Fortin’s finger sign, Minor’s sign, and Vanzetti’s sign are three examples of this principle.
On Feb. 1, 2024, two more legislators – John R. Carter (R-Texas) and Robert “Bob” Good (R-Va.) – co-sponsored the Chiropractic Medicare Coverage Modernization Act of 2023, bringing the co-sponsor total to 155, two more than the total achieved over the entire two-year congressional cycle in which identical legislation last appeared (2021-22).
While working at the Lovelace Medical Center in Albuquerque, N.M., one of the primary care physicians stated that imaging every patient prior to receiving chiropractic was not medically necessary. It was at that point I reconsidered the need for the imaging of every patient to avoid malpractice.
